How cancer causes diet problems
Cancer can cause changes to your body, making it hard to eat or digest food and use its nutrients.
Symptoms
Many of the symptoms of cancer can happen together.
One symptom can cause another and have a knock on effect. For example, if you are in a lot of pain, you are more likely to feel worn out (fatigued). This can make you feel depressed and less motivated to eat. Over time you can lose weight.
Talk to your healthcare team about any symptoms you have. They can treat most of them. Treatment might help problems with eating, drinking and digestion.
Causes of diet problems
Cancer can cause diet problems in the following ways:
Blockage in your digestive system
Some cancers may block, or partly block, your digestive system by growing in size. It is more often a symptom of advanced cancer, such as in stomach cancer, bowel cancer or ovarian cancer.
A blocked bowel can cause you to feel and be sick, have pain and stomach cramps or constipation. You may not feel like eating because it can make your symptoms worse. Or you may feel full after eating just a small amount. This can cause you to lose weight.
A blockage can also be a symptom of cancer in the food pipe (oesophageal cancer). Eating and drinking might be difficult or painful, causing you to eat less and lose weight.
Difficulty swallowing
Some cancers can make eating or swallowing difficult and painful. This can cause you to eat less and lose weight. People with some head and neck cancers, and cancer of the oesophagus often lose weight.
Pain
It is quite common not to feel like eating much, or at all if you are in pain. Your appetite might get better if your pain is under control. This is usually possible.
Breathlessness
When the level of red cells in your blood is low, you might feel breathless. Breathlessness can also be a symptom of advanced cancer.
Being breathless is not usually dangerous or harmful, but it can be very frightening. You may feel anxious, which in turn can make you feel sick and stop you from eating.
Breathlessness can also make daily living very difficult. Preparing meals and eating can be a struggle if you are out of breath.
Tiredness
Tiredness (fatigue) is very common when you have cancer. Many people with cancer say it goes on for most of the time. And it does not get better from resting. Tiredness can affect you mentally, physically, emotionally and spiritually.
Some cancers make substances called cytokines. Cytokines are a group of proteins in the body that play an important part in boosting the immune system. These can cause tiredness.
You may find yourself not having enough energy to cook, eat, clean, bath or go shopping. Even talking to your friends and family might be hard. All this may cause you not to enjoy eating on your own or with family or friends.
Depression
About 20 out of every 100 people (20%) with cancer get depressed. There are many causes of depression in people with cancer. But doctors think that one reason is certain chemicals made by some cancers. These chemicals can cause changes to your mood.
A low mood and depression can cause a loss of appetite and sometimes weight loss.
Sickness
Cancer can cause sickness (vomiting) or a feeling of wanting to be sick (nausea) in many different ways. Some of these are:
- changes to the levels of chemicals in the blood
- a slow gut
- a cancer that blocks the digestive system
- a cancer growing in the brain causing increased pressure in the head
Feeling and being sick can affect your appetite, causing you to eat less and lose weight.
Chemical changes
Your immune system releases several types of chemical into your body during inflammation or infection. These chemicals are called cytokines. Cytokines help your body to deal with inflammation or infection.
Cytokines can cause weight loss in a number of ways. They change the way your body uses carbohydrates, fat and protein. This can cause weight loss, including fat and muscle wasting. Other chemicals released by cancer cells can also cause weight loss and muscle wasting.
The cytokines may speed up your metabolism so that you use calories faster. As a result, your body will use up energy faster than it is getting it. And you can have severe weight loss even if you are eating normally. This is called cachexia (kak-ex-ee-a).
